Core Breakdown! Mac OS

adminMay 01 2021

Core Breakdown! Mac OS

Core Os Download
Core Breakdown Mac Os Download

So if you are new to Cocoa you may want to have a copy of Cocoa Programming for Mac OS X handy. Cocoa(R) Programming for Mac(R) OS X (3rd Edition) The book gives a good overview of the Core Animation framework, and helps to get you through some of the less intuitive parts. It walks you through a few different examples of developing animation. The MacBook Core Duo is the only MacBook with an Intel Core Duo processor (later MacBooks use Core 2 Duo processors). If your MacBook turns on, you can verify that you have a Core Duo MacBook by checking the processor information through 'About This Mac' in the Apple menu. Apple Mac Pro 'Eight Core' 2.8 (2008) Specs. Identifiers: Early 2008 - MA970LL/A - MacPro3,1 - A1186 - 2180 All Mac Pro Models All 2008 Models Dynamically Compare This Mac to Others. Distribute This Page: Bookmark & Share Download: PDF Manual The Mac Pro 'Eight Core' 2.8 (Early 2008) is powered by two 2.8 GHz Quad Core 45-nm Intel Xeon E5462 (Harpertown/Penryn) processors with 12 MB of.

macOS Big Sur elevates the most advanced desktop operating system in the world to a new level of power and beauty. Experience Mac to the fullest with a refined new design. Enjoy the biggest Safari update ever. Discover new features for Maps and Messages. Get even more transparency around your privacy.

Chances are, your Mac can run macOS Big Sur

The following models are supported:

MacBook (2015 or later)
MacBook Air (2013 or later)
MacBook Pro (Late 2013 or later)
Mac mini (2014 or later)
iMac (2014 or later)
iMac Pro (2017 or later)
Mac Pro (2013 or later)

To see which model you have, click the Apple icon in your menu bar and choose About This Mac.

Make sure you’re ready to upgrade.

Before you upgrade, we recommend that you back up your Mac. If your Mac is running OS X Mavericks 10.9 or later, you can upgrade directly to macOS Big Sur. You’ll need the following:

OS X 10.9 or later
4GB of memory
35.5GB available storage on macOS Sierra or later*
Some features require an Apple ID; terms apply.
Some features require a compatible internet service provider; fees may apply.

Upgrading is free and easy

Upgrading from macOS Catalina 10.15 or Mojave 10.14?

Go to Software Update in System Preferences to find macOS Big Sur. Click Upgrade Now and follow the onscreen instructions.

Upgrading from an older version of macOS?

If you’re running any release from macOS 10.13 to 10.9, you can upgrade to macOS Big Sur from the App Store. If you’re running Mountain Lion 10.8, you will need to upgrade to El Capitan 10.11 first.

If you don’t have broadband access, you can upgrade your Mac at any Apple Store.

OS X 10.9 or later
4GB of memory
35.5GB available storage on macOS Sierra or later*

Some features require an Apple ID; terms apply.
Some features require a compatible internet service provider; fees may apply.

For details about your Mac model, click the Apple icon at the top left of your screen and choose About This Mac. These Mac models are compatible with macOS Big Sur:

MacBook (2015 or later)
MacBook Air (2013 or later)
MacBook Pro (Late 2013 or later)
Mac mini (2014 or later)

iMac (2014 or later)
iMac Pro (2017 or later)
Mac Pro (2013 or later)

Siri

Requires a broadband internet connection and microphone (built-in or external).

Hey Siri

Supported by the following Mac models:

MacBook Pro (2018 or later)
MacBook Air (2018 or later)
iMac Pro (2017 or later)

Dictation, Voice Control, and Voice Memos

Requires a microphone (built-in or external).

Spotlight Suggestions

Requires a broadband internet connection.

Gestures

Requires a Multi-Touch trackpad, Force Touch trackpad, Magic Trackpad, or Magic Mouse.

Force Touch gestures require a Force Touch trackpad.

VoiceOver gestures require a Multi-Touch trackpad, Force Touch trackpad, or Magic Trackpad.

Photo Booth

Requires a FaceTime or iSight camera (built-in or external) or USB video class (UVC) camera.

FaceTime

Audio calls require a microphone (built-in or external) and broadband internet connection.

Video calls require a built-in FaceTime camera, an iSight camera (built-in or external), or a USB video class (UVC) camera; and broadband internet connection.

Apple TV

High dynamic range (HDR) video playback is supported by the following Mac models:

MacBook Pro (2018 or later)
iMac Pro (2017 or later)
Mac Pro (2019) with Pro Display XDR

Dolby Atmos soundtrack playback is supported by the following Mac models:

MacBook Air (2018 or later)
MacBook Pro (2018 or later)

Sidecar

Supported by the following Mac models:

MacBook (2016 or later)
MacBook Air (2018 or later)
MacBook Pro (2016 or later)
Mac mini (2018 or later)
iMac (late 2015 or later)
iMac Pro (2017 or later)
Mac Pro (2019)

Supported by all iPad models with Apple Pencil support:

12.9-inch iPad Pro
11-inch iPad Pro
10.5-inch iPad Pro
9.7-inch iPad Pro
iPad (6th generation or later)
iPad mini (5th generation)
iPad Air (3rd and 4th generation)

Continuity Camera

Requires an iPhone or iPad that supports iOS 12 or later.

Continuity Sketch and Continuity Markup

Requires an iPhone with iOS 13 or later or an iPad with iPadOS 13 or later.

Handoff

Requires an iPhone or iPad with a Lightning connector or with USB-C and iOS 8 or later.

Instant Hotspot

Requires an iPhone or iPad with cellular connectivity, a Lightning connector or USB-C, and iOS 8.1 or later. Requires Personal Hotspot service through your carrier.

Universal Clipboard

Requires an iPhone or iPad with a Lightning connector or with USB-C and iOS 10 or later.

Auto Unlock

Requires an Apple Watch with watchOS 3 or later or an iPhone 5 or later.

Approve with Apple Watch

Requires an Apple Watch with watchOS 6 or later or an iPhone 6s or later with iOS 13 or later.

Apple Pay on the Web

Requires a MacBook Pro or MacBook Air with Touch ID, an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 10 or later, or an Apple Watch with watchOS 3 or later.

Phone Calling

Requires an iPhone with iOS 8 or later and an activated carrier plan.

SMS

Requires an iPhone with iOS 8.1 or later and an activated carrier plan.

Home

Requires an iPhone with iOS 12 or later and a configured Home app.

AirDrop

AirDrop to iOS and iPadOS devices requires an iPhone or iPad with a Lightning connector or with USB-C and iOS 7 or later.

AirPlay

AirPlay Mirroring requires an Apple TV (2nd generation or later).

AirPlay for web video requires an Apple TV (2nd generation or later).

Peer-to-peer AirPlay requires a Mac (2012 or later) and an Apple TV (3rd generation rev A, model A1469 or later) with Apple TV software 7.0 or later.

Time Machine

Requires an external storage device (sold separately).

Maps electric vehicle routing

Requires an iPhone with iOS 14 and a compatible electric vehicle.

Maps license plate restrictions

Requires an iPhone running iOS 14 or an iPad running iPadOS 14.

Boot Camp

Allows Boot Camp installations of Windows 10 on supported Mac models.

Exchange Support

Requires Microsoft Office 365, Exchange 2016, Exchange 2013, or Exchange Server 2010. Installing the latest Service Packs is recommended.

Windows Migration

Supports OS X 10.7 or later and Windows 7 or later.

App Store

Available only to persons age 13 or older in the U.S. and many other countries and regions.

Photos

The improved Retouch tool is supported on the following Mac models:

MacBook Pro (15-inch and 16-inch models) introduced in 2016 or later
iMac (Retina 5K models) introduced in 2014 or later
iMac (Retina 4K models) introduced in 2017 or later
iMac Pro (2017 or later)
Mac Pro introduced in 2013 or later

Apple Books
Apple News
App Store
Automator
Calculator
Calendar
Chess
Contacts
Dictionary
DVD Player
FaceTime
Find My
Font Book
Home
Image Capture
Launchpad
Mail
Maps

Messages
Mission Control
Music
Notes
Photo Booth
Photos
Podcasts
Preview
QuickTime Player
Reminders
Safari
Siri
Stickies
Stocks
System Preferences
TextEdit
Time Machine
TV
Voice Memos

Activity Monitor
AirPort Utility
Audio MIDI Setup
Bluetooth File Exchange
Boot Camp Assistant
ColorSync Utility
Console
Digital Color Meter
Disk Utility

Grapher
Keychain Access
Migration Assistant
Screenshot
Screen Time
Script Editor
Sidecar
System Information
Terminal
VoiceOver Utility

Arabic
Catalan
Croatian
Simplified Chinese
Traditional Chinese
Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong)
Czech
Danish
Dutch
English (Australia)
English (UK)
English (U.S.)
Finnish
French
French (Canada)
German
Greek
Hebrew
Hindi
Hungarian

Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Norwegian
Polish
Brazilian Portuguese
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Slovak
Spanish
Spanish (Latin America)
Swedish
Thai
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese

Core Audio is the digital audio infrastructure of iOS and OS X. It includes a set of software frameworks designed to handle the audio needs in your applications. Read this chapter to learn what you can do with Core Audio.

Core Audio in iOS and OS X

Core Audio is tightly integrated into iOS and OS X for high performance and low latency.

In OS X, the majority of Core Audio services are layered on top of the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) as shown in Figure 1-1. Audio signals pass to and from hardware through the HAL. You can access the HAL using Audio Hardware Services in the Core Audio framework when you require real-time audio. The Core MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) framework provides similar interfaces for working with MIDI data and devices.

You find Core Audio application-level services in the Audio Toolbox and Audio Unit frameworks.

Use Audio Queue Services to record, play back, pause, loop, and synchronize audio.
Use Audio File, Converter, and Codec Services to read and write from disk and to perform audio data format transformations. In OS X you can also create custom codecs.
Use Audio Unit Services and Audio Processing Graph Services (represented in the figure as “Audio units”) to host audio units (audio plug-ins) in your application. In OS X you can also create custom audio units to use in your application or to provide for use in other applications.
Use Music Sequencing Services to play MIDI-based control and music data.
Use Core Audio Clock Services for audio and MIDI synchronization and time format management.
Use System Sound Services (represented in the figure as “System sounds”) to play system sounds and user-interface sound effects.

Core Audio in iOS is optimized for the computing resources available in a battery-powered mobile platform. There is no API for services that must be managed very tightly by the operating system—specifically, the HAL and the I/O Kit. However, there are additional services in iOS not present in OS X. For example, Audio Session Services lets you manage the audio behavior of your application in the context of a device that functions as a mobile telephone and an iPod. Figure 1-2 provides a high-level view of the audio architecture in iOS.

A Little About Digital Audio and Linear PCM

Most Core Audio services use and manipulate audio in linear pulse-code-modulated (linear PCM) format, the most common uncompressed digital audio data format. Digital audio recording creates PCM data by measuring an analog (real world) audio signal’s magnitude at regular intervals (the sampling rate) and converting each sample to a numerical value. Standard compact disc (CD) audio uses a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, with a 16-bit integer describing each sample—constituting the resolution or bit depth.

A sample is single numerical value for a single channel.
A frame is a collection of time-coincident samples. For instance, a stereo sound file has two samples per frame, one for the left channel and one for the right channel.
A packet is a collection of one or more contiguous frames. In linear PCM audio, a packet is always a single frame. In compressed formats, it is typically more. A packet defines the smallest meaningful set of frames for a given audio data format.

In linear PCM audio, a sample value varies linearly with the amplitude of the original signal that it represents. For example, the 16-bit integer samples in standard CD audio allow 65,536 possible values between silence and maximum level. The difference in amplitude from one digital value to the next is always the same.

Core Audio data structures, declared in the CoreAudioTypes.h header file, can describe linear PCM at any sample rate and bit depth. Audio Data Formats goes into more detail on this topic.

In OS X, Core Audio expects audio data to be in native-endian, 32-bit floating-point, linear PCM format. You can use Audio Converter Services to translate audio data between different linear PCM variants. You also use these converters to translate between linear PCM and compressed audio formats such as MP3 and Apple Lossless. Core Audio in OS X supplies codecs to translate most common digital audio formats (though it does not supply an encoder for converting to MP3).

iOS uses integer and fixed-point audio data. The result is faster calculations and less battery drain when processing audio. iOS provides a Converter audio unit and includes the interfaces from Audio Converter Services. For details on the so-called canonical audio data formats for iOS and OS X, see Canonical Audio Data Formats.

In iOS and OS X, Core Audio supports most common file formats for storing and playing audio data, as described in iPhone Audio File Formats and Supported Audio File and Data Formats in OS X.

Audio Units

Audio units are software plug-ins that process audio data. In OS X, a single audio unit can be used simultaneously by an unlimited number of channels and applications.

iOS provides a set of audio units optimized for efficiency and performance on a mobile platform. You can develop audio units for use in your iOS application. Because you must statically link custom audio unit code into your application, audio units that you develop cannot be used by other applications in iOS.

The audio units provided in iOS do not have user interfaces. Their main use is to provide low-latency audio in your application. For more on iPhone audio units, see Core Audio Plug-ins: Audio Units and Codecs.

In Mac apps that you develop, you can use system-supplied or third-party-supplied audio units. You can also develop an audio unit as a product in its own right. Users can employ your audio units in applications such as GarageBand and Logic Studio, as well as in many other audio unit hosting applications.

Some Mac audio units work behind the scenes to simplify common tasks for you—such as splitting a signal or interfacing with hardware. Others appear onscreen, with their own user interfaces, to offer signal processing and manipulation. For example, effect units can mimic their real-world counterparts, such as a guitarist’s distortion box. Other audio units generate signals, whether programmatically or in response to MIDI input.

Some examples of audio units are:

A signal processor (for example, a high-pass filter, reverb, compressor, or distortion unit). Each of these is generically an effect unit and performs digital signal processing (DSP) in a way similar to a hardware effects box or outboard signal processor.
A musical instrument or software synthesizer. These are called instrument units (or, sometimes, music devices) and typically generate musical notes in response to MIDI input.
A signal source. Unlike an instrument unit, a generator unit is not activated by MIDI input but rather through code. For example, a generator unit might calculate and generate sine waves, or it might source the data from a file or network stream.
An interface to hardware input or output. For more information on I/O units, see The Hardware Abstraction Layer and Interfacing with Hardware.
A format converter. A converter unit can translate data between two linear PCM variants, merge or split audio streams, or perform time and pitch changes. See Core Audio Plug-ins: Audio Units and Codecs for details.
A mixer or panner. A mixer unit can combine audio tracks. A panner unit can apply stereo or 3D panning effects.
An effect unit that works offline. An offline effect unit performs work that is either too processor-intensive or simply impossible in real time. For example, an effect that performs time reversal on a file must be applied offline.

In OS X you can mix and match audio units in whatever permutations you or your end user requires. Figure 1-3 shows a simple chain of audio units. There’s an instrument unit to generate an audio signal based on control data received from an outboard MIDI keyboard. The generated audio then passes through effect units to apply bandpass filtering and distortion. A chain of audio units is called an audio processing graph.

If you develop audio DSP code that you want to make available to multiple applications, you should package your code as an audio unit.

If you develop Mac audio apps, supporting audio units lets you and your users leverage the library of existing audio units (both third-party and Apple-supplied) to extend the capabilities of your application.

To experiment with audio units in OS X, see the AU Lab application, available in the Xcode Tools installation at /Developer/Applications/Audio. AU Lab lets you mix and match audio units to build a signal chain from an audio source through an output device.

See System-Supplied Audio Units in OS X for a listing of the audio units that ship with OS X v10.5 and iOS 2.0.

The Hardware Abstraction Layer

Core Audio uses a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) to provide a consistent and predictable interface for applications to interact with hardware. The HAL can also provide timing information to your application to simplify synchronization or to adjust for latency.

In most cases, your code does not interact directly with the HAL. Apple supplies a special audio unit—called the AUHAL unit in OS X and the AURemoteIO unit in iOS—which allows you to pass audio from another audio unit to hardware. Similarly, input coming from hardware is routed through the AUHAL unit (or the AURemoteIO unit in iOS) and made available to subsequent audio units, as shown in Figure 1-4.

The AUHAL unit (or AURemoteIO unit) also takes care of any data conversion or channel mapping required to translate audio data between audio units and hardware.

MIDI Support in OS X

Core MIDI is the part of Core Audio that supports the MIDI protocol. (MIDI is not available in iOS.) Core MIDI allows applications to communicate with MIDI devices such as keyboards and guitars. Input from MIDI devices can be stored as MIDI data or used to control an instrument unit. Applications can also send MIDI data to MIDI devices.

Core MIDI uses abstractions to represent MIDI devices and mimic standard MIDI cable connections (MIDI In, MIDI Out, and MIDI Thru) while providing low-latency input and output. Core Audio also supports a music player programming interface that you can use to play MIDI-based control or music data.

For more details about the capabilities of the MIDI protocol, see the MIDI Manufacturers Association site, http://midi.org.

The Audio MIDI Setup Application

The Audio MIDI Setup application lets users:

Specify the default audio input and output devices.
Configure properties for input and output devices, such as sampling rate and bit depth.
Map audio channels to available speakers (for stereo, 5.1 surround, and so on).
Create aggregate devices. (For information about aggregate devices, see Using Aggregate Devices.)
Configure MIDI networks and MIDI devices.

You find Audio MIDI Setup in the /Applications/Utilities folder.

Core Os Download

A Mac Core Audio Recording Studio

A traditional—non-computer-based—recording studio can serve as a conceptual framework for approaching Core Audio. Such a studio may have a few “real” instruments and effect units feeding a mixing desk, as shown in Figure 1-5. The mixer can route its output to studio monitors and a recording device (shown here, in a rather retro fashion, as a tape recorder).

Many of the pieces in a traditional studio can be replaced by software-based equivalents—all of which you have already met in this chapter. On a desktop computing platform, digital audio applications can record, synthesize, edit, mix, process, and play back audio. They can also record, edit, process, and play back MIDI data, interfacing with both hardware and software MIDI instruments. Mac apps rely on Core Audio services to handle all of these tasks, as shown in Figure 1-6.

As you can see, audio units can make up much of an audio signal chain. Other Core Audio interfaces provide application-level support, allowing applications to obtain audio or MIDI data in various formats and output it to files or output devices. Core Audio Services discusses the constituent interfaces of Core Audio in more detail.

Core Audio lets you do much more than mimic a recording studio on a desktop computer. You can use it for everything from playing sound effects to creating compressed audio files to providing an immersive sonic experience for game players.

On a mobile device such as an iPhone or iPod touch, the audio environment and computing resources are optimized to extend battery life. After all, an iPhone’s most essential identity is as a telephone. From a development or user perspective, it wouldn’t make sense to place an iPhone at the heart of a virtual recording studio. On the other hand, an iPhone’s special capabilities—including extreme portability, built-in Bonjour networking, multitouch interface, and accelerometer and location APIs—let you imagine and create audio applications that were never possible on the desktop.

Mac Development Using the Core Audio SDK

To assist audio developers, Apple supplies a software development kit (SDK) for Core Audio in OS X. The SDK contains many code samples covering both audio and MIDI services as well as diagnostic tools and test applications. Examples include:

A test application to interact with the global audio state of the system, including attached hardware devices (HALLab).
A reference audio unit hosting application (AU Lab). The AU Lab application is essential for testing audio units you create, as described in Audio Units.
Sample code to load and play audio files (PlayFile) and MIDI files (PlaySequence).

This document points to additional examples in the Core Audio SDK that illustrate how to accomplish common tasks.

The SDK also contains a C++ framework for building audio units for OS X. This framework simplifies the amount of work you need to do by insulating you from the details of the Component Manager plug-in interface. The SDK also contains templates for common audio unit types; for the most part, you only need override those methods that apply to your custom audio unit. Some sample audio unit projects show these templates and frameworks in use. For more details on using the framework and templates, see Audio Unit Programming Guide.

Note: Apple supplies the C++ audio unit framework as sample code to assist audio unit development. Feel free to modify and adapt the framework based on your needs.

The Core Audio SDK assumes you will use Xcode as your development environment.

You can download the latest SDK from http://developer.apple.com/sdk/. After installation, the SDK files are located in /Developer/Examples/CoreAudio. The HALLab and AU Lab applications are located in /Developer/Applications/Audio.